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Quick answer: Coal tar carries the heavier risk profile. Propyl Gallate is — in the EU and — in the US; Coal tar is banned in the EU and allowed in the US.
| Property | Propyl Gallate | Coal tar |
|---|---|---|
| EU status | — | Banned |
| US status | — | Allowed |
| Risk level | — | high |
| Banned in | Japan (banned for food use) | European Union |
| Restricted in | European Union (restricted to 200 mg/kg in specific fat/oil applications), United Kingdom, Australia | — |
| Category | additive | cmr |
| Where it hides | — | anti-dandruff shampoo, hair dye, psoriasis products |
Propyl gallate is a synthetic antioxidant preservative derived from gallic acid and propanol. It prevents oxidation of fats and oils, extending shelf life of fat-containing foods. It is often used in combination with BHA and BHT for synergistic antioxidant effect. Chemical formula: C10H12O5.
Coal tar is a complex byproduct of coal processing used in dandruff and psoriasis products and dyes.
Propyl Gallate: Animal studies have shown propyl gallate may cause liver damage at high doses. Concerns about estrogenic activity have been raised — some studies suggest propyl gallate may weakly mimic estrogen. Contact dermatitis and allergic reactions are documented in both food and cosmetic applications. Japan banned propyl gallate for food use as part of its precautionary approach to synthetic food preservatives. NTP bioassays found dose-dependent liver effects. EFSA's re-evaluation set an ADI of 0.1 mg/kg body weight — one of the lowest ADIs for food additives, reflecting toxicological concern.
Coal tar: A known human carcinogen. Restricted in the EU (banned in hair dye); permitted in US OTC products.
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