Is Sulfur Dioxide Banned? EU vs US Status, Risks & Where It Hides
TL;DR: Sulfur Dioxide is restricted in the EU but allowed in the US (food additives).
Also called SO2. (E220)
Other names: SO2, E220, Sulfurous anhydride
Is Sulfur Dioxide banned in the EU?
| EU status | Restricted |
|---|---|
| US status | Allowed |
| Risk level | — |
| Where it shows up | Wine (most conventional varieties), Dried fruits, Some frozen shellfish, Some grape juices and fruit drinks, Dried herbs (some varieties) |
What is Sulfur Dioxide?
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless gas used as a food preservative and antioxidant. It is the primary active form of the sulfite family of food additives. It is generated by burning sulfur or as a byproduct of certain chemical processes. In food use, it is released from various sulfite salts (E221-E228) and directly applied to some foods.
Why is Sulfur Dioxide used in food?
Sulfur dioxide prevents oxidative browning, microbial growth, and color deterioration. It is widely used in winemaking, dried fruit preservation, and some fresh fruit treatment. It is one of the most effective and economical preservatives for these applications.
Is Sulfur Dioxide dangerous? Documented risks
Same as sodium sulfite: sulfite-sensitive individuals (1% of population, 5% of asthmatics) can experience severe reactions. SO2 in wine has been identified as a contributor to wine-induced headache and asthmatic episodes. Occupational exposure to SO2 gas causes respiratory irritation, bronchospasm, and lung damage at higher concentrations — relevant to workers in winemaking and food processing but not typical dietary exposure levels.
Common US products containing Sulfur Dioxide
- Wine (most conventional varieties)
- Dried fruits
- Some frozen shellfish
- Some grape juices and fruit drinks
- Dried herbs (some varieties)
How to avoid Sulfur Dioxide: safer alternatives
See sodium sulfite alternatives. Ascorbic acid, reduced oxygen packaging, and refrigeration.
Frequently asked questions about Sulfur Dioxide
Is sulfur dioxide in wine dangerous?
For most people no, but for the estimated 1-5% of asthmatics and sulfite-sensitive individuals, SO2 in wine can trigger bronchospasm, headaches, and in rare cases anaphylaxis. Conventional wine contains SO2 as a preservative.
What is the EU wine sulfite limit?
The EU sets maximum SO2 levels in wine at 150 mg/L for dry red wines, 200 mg/L for dry white/rosé wines, and up to 400 mg/L for sweet wines. Wines exceeding 10 mg/L must declare 'contains sulfites.'
Does SO2 cause wine headaches?
SO2 is one factor cited for wine headaches in sensitive individuals. Histamines, tannins, and other compounds in red wine also contribute. Studies specifically isolating SO2 as the headache cause have been mixed.
How do I find sulfite-free wine?
Look for wines labeled 'no added sulfites' or 'sulfite-free.' Note that fermentation naturally produces some SO2, so truly zero-sulfite wines are rare. Biodynamic and some natural wines minimize sulfite additions. Organic wine certification allows small amounts of sulfites in the US (max 100 ppm for organic wine; conventional wine max is 350 ppm).
Is SO2 in dried apricots?
Yes. Sulfur dioxide (or sodium sulfite E221) is applied to conventional dried apricots to preserve their bright orange color and prevent browning. Organic dried apricots without SO2 will appear darker brown.
What is the difference between sulfites and sulfur dioxide?
Sulfur dioxide (SO2, E220) is the gas form; sodium sulfite (E221), sodium bisulfite (E222), sodium metabisulfite (E223), and related potassium salts are solid forms that release SO2 in solution or in contact with acids. They are collectively called 'sulfites' and share the same allergen concerns.
Is SO2 safe for people without asthma?
Yes for most people, at typical dietary amounts. The safety concerns are specifically for sulfite-sensitive individuals (especially asthmatics). EFSA's ADI of 0.7 mg/kg body weight (as SO2 equivalent) applies to the total sulfite intake from all sources.
How do I avoid SO2 in food?
Choose organic dried fruits (sulfite-free). Choose natural, organic, or biodynamic wines with no added sulfites. Avoid processed seafood products with sulfites. Check ingredient labels for any E220-E228 designation.
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Our scores are never influenced by brands. Last updated 6/10/2026.