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Answer: Yellow Dye 5 is restricted (not fully banned) in European Union (mandatory warning label: 'may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children'), United Kingdom. The FDA still allows it in US food. Commonly found in: Mountain Dew, Kraft Mac & Cheese, Twinkies.
TL;DR: Yellow Dye 5 is restricted in the EU but allowed in the US (food additives).
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Also called Tartrazine. (E102)
Other names: Tartrazine, E102, FD&C Yellow No. 5, CI 19140
| EU status | Restricted |
|---|---|
| US status | Allowed |
| Risk level | — |
| Where it shows up | Mountain Dew, Kraft Mac & Cheese, Twinkies, Lemon Jell-O, Lemon-lime Gatorade, Sunny D |
Yellow Dye 5 (tartrazine) is a synthetic lemon-yellow azo dye derived from petroleum. It produces a bright, stable yellow color in acidic conditions and is one of the most widely used yellow dyes globally. Its chemical formula is C16H9N4Na3O9S2.
Tartrazine provides a consistent bright lemon-yellow color valued for its stability under heat, light, and acidic conditions, and its low cost. It is used in beverages, snack foods, cereals, desserts, and medications. When mixed with Blue 1 it creates green tones, extending its functional range in product formulation.
Yellow Dye 5 was one of six dyes studied in the landmark 2007 McCann et al. study in The Lancet. The study found statistically significant increases in hyperactivity in children ages 3 and 8–9 given a mixture containing tartrazine and sodium benzoate. EFSA reviewed the evidence and confirmed the effect was real, mandating the EU warning label from 2010. A 2012 review in Neurotherapeutics (Arnold et al.) confirmed that artificial food colors including tartrazine have a small but statistically significant adverse effect on children's behavior that is not confined to those with diagnosed ADHD. Tartrazine is one of the most documented causes of food dye hypersensitivity. Cross-reactivity with aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA) is well established in allergy literature: individuals with aspirin hypersensitivity have elevated risk of reacting to tartrazine. Symptoms include urticaria, angioedema, rhinitis, and in rare cases anaphylaxis. Prevalence of tartrazine sensitivity is estimated at 0.1% of the population but higher in aspirin-sensitive individuals. Because of this known hypersensitivity risk, the FDA specifically requires Yellow No. 5 to be declared by name on US food labels — an exceptional requirement not applied to most other additives, reflecting the FDA's acknowledgment of this real clinical concern. EFSA's 2009 re-evaluation found no evidence of genotoxicity in standard test systems at food use levels, setting an ADI of 7.5 mg/kg body weight, but noted in vitro evidence at higher doses. In April 2025, the FDA announced plans to phase out Yellow 5 along with other petroleum-based dyes.
For educational use only. This page summarizes the regulatory status of Yellow Dye 5with citations to the primary sources below. It is not medical advice. Regulatory status is not the same as a proven health effect — read the cited sources for their exact wording, and consult a doctor for decisions about your or your family's health.
Turmeric (curcumin, E100) provides warm golden-yellow and carries anti-inflammatory properties — used extensively in natural food brands. Beta-carotene (E160a) from carrots provides yellow-orange tones. Riboflavin (vitamin B2, E101) is a natural yellow with nutritional value. Saffron yields vivid yellow but is prohibitively expensive at food scale. Brands like Annie's, Whole Foods 365, and most European food manufacturers have successfully replaced Yellow 5 with turmeric or beta-carotene.
Yellow 5 (E102) is not banned in the EU, but EU law requires any food containing it to display a warning: 'may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children.' Norway and Finland banned it historically. Most European manufacturers have voluntarily reformulated to avoid the label. The UK maintains the same warning post-Brexit.
Tartrazine is the chemical name for Yellow Dye 5 (FD&C Yellow No. 5, E102). It is a synthetic lemon-yellow azo dye from petroleum, producing bright, stable yellow. The FDA requires it declared by name on US labels due to known aspirin cross-reactivity reactions.
The 2007 Lancet study found a mixture including Yellow 5 and sodium benzoate significantly increased hyperactivity in children. EFSA confirmed the effect. The AAP acknowledges the association. Yellow 5 is thought to be among the more behaviorally active synthetic dyes.
Yes — Yellow 5, FD&C Yellow No. 5, tartrazine, and E102 are all the same compound with formula C16H9N4Na3O9S2.
Mountain Dew, Kraft Mac & Cheese, Twinkies, Sunny D, various Kellogg's cereals, Doritos Nacho Cheese, lemon-lime Gatorade, Jell-O, many yellow-green candies, and numerous OTC medications, antihistamines, and vitamins.
Yes. Yellow 5 is one of the most common food dye hypersensitivity agents. Cross-reactivity with aspirin is documented. Reactions: urticaria, angioedema, rhinitis, asthma. Prevalence: ~0.1% general population, higher in aspirin-sensitive individuals. This is why the FDA mandates Yellow 5 declaration on US food labels.
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The FDA announced April 2025 plans to phase out Yellow 5 along with 7 other petroleum-based synthetic dyes. No specific compliance deadline had been set as of mid-2025. California AB 2316 bans Yellow 5 from school meals starting 2028.
Check labels for 'Yellow 5,' 'FD&C Yellow No. 5,' 'tartrazine,' or 'E102.' Avoid yellow-green beverages like Mountain Dew, yellow-tinted snack foods, and many OTC medications. Choose USDA Organic products or those labeled 'no artificial colors.'
Audited products that don't contain Yellow Dye 5.
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