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Quick answer: Propyl Gallate carries the heavier risk profile. Propyl Gallate is — in the EU and — in the US; Zinc pyrithione is banned in the EU and allowed in the US.
| Property | Propyl Gallate | Zinc pyrithione |
|---|---|---|
| EU status | — | Banned |
| US status | — | Allowed |
| Risk level | — | medium |
| Banned in | Japan (banned for food use) | European Union |
| Restricted in | European Union (restricted to 200 mg/kg in specific fat/oil applications), United Kingdom, Australia | — |
| Category | additive | cmr |
| Where it hides | — | anti-dandruff shampoo, anti-acne products |
Propyl gallate is a synthetic antioxidant preservative derived from gallic acid and propanol. It prevents oxidation of fats and oils, extending shelf life of fat-containing foods. It is often used in combination with BHA and BHT for synergistic antioxidant effect. Chemical formula: C10H12O5.
Zinc pyrithione is an antifungal and antibacterial active in dandruff shampoos.
Propyl Gallate: Animal studies have shown propyl gallate may cause liver damage at high doses. Concerns about estrogenic activity have been raised — some studies suggest propyl gallate may weakly mimic estrogen. Contact dermatitis and allergic reactions are documented in both food and cosmetic applications. Japan banned propyl gallate for food use as part of its precautionary approach to synthetic food preservatives. NTP bioassays found dose-dependent liver effects. EFSA's re-evaluation set an ADI of 0.1 mg/kg body weight — one of the lowest ADIs for food additives, reflecting toxicological concern.
Zinc pyrithione: Reclassified as a reproductive toxicant in the EU and banned as a cosmetic preservative in 2022; still a key US OTC dandruff active.
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